Salamanders

Salamanders are vertebrate animals that make up one of the most recognizable groups of amphibians found throughout the world. Their lizard-like appearance may often mislead people into thinking that they are reptiles, but they do spend part of their lives in water, which classifies them as amphibians. Depending on species, salamanders can breathe through lungs, their permeable skin, or through special membranes in their mouth.

Most species are about a few inches long, though some can grow up to 5-6 feet, with the Chinese giant salamander being considered the largest. Below is a list of all the extant types, except those in the Salamandridae or true salamander family, which are known as newts in a slightly contradictory way.



    Giant salamanders (Family Cryptobranchidae)

    Hellbender Japanese giant salamander Chinese giant salamander

    Asiatic salamanders (Family Hynobiidae)

    Longdong stream salamander Alpine stream salamander Taibai stream salamander
    Western Chinese mountain salamander Chiala mountain salamander Yenyuan stream salamander
    Alishan salamander Amji’s salamander Odaigahara salamander
    Abe’s salamander Guabangshan salamander Oita salamander
    Formosan salamander Chinese salamander Taiwan lesser salamander
    Akaishi salamander Hida salamander Korean salamander
    Tōhoku salamander Hakuba salamander Liaoning salamander
    Buchi salamander Xingan salamander Japanese black salamander
    Oki salamander Japanese clouded salamander Jeju salamander
    Ezo salamander Amber salamander Tokyo salamander
    Sonan’s salamander Hokuriku salamander Kori salamander
    Turkestanian salamander Yunan salamander Tsushima salamander
    Yiwu salamander Tsinpa salamander Wushan salamander
    Japanese clawed salamander Fischer’s clawed salamander Shangcheng stout salamander
    Paghman stream salamander Gorgan salamander Persian brook salamander
    Kuankuoshui salamander Puxiong salamander Guizhou salamander
    Jinfo Mountain salamander Yellow-spotted salamander Shuicheng salamander
    Primorye newt Siberian salamander Central Asian salamander

    Mole Salamanders (Family Ambystomatidae)

    Jefferson salamander Axolotl California tiger salamander
    Tiger salamander Mountain stream salamander Streamside salamander
    Blunt-headed salamander Delicate-skinned salamander Reticulated flatwoods salamander
    Yellow-peppered salamander Frosted flatwoods salamander Northwestern salamander
    Blue-spotted salamander Granular salamander Tremblay’s salamander
    Lake Patzcuaro salamander Leora’s salamander Long-toed salamander ― Subspecies: Santa Cruz long-toed salamander
    Lake Lerma salamander Silvery salamander Mabee’s salamander
    Ringed salamander Spotted salamander Michoacan stream salamander
    Barred tiger salamander Marbled salamander Mole salamander
    Puerto Hondo stream salamander Durango salamander Tarahumara salamander
    Anderson’s salamander Small-mouth salamander Plateau tiger salamander
    Taylor’s salamander

    Amphiumas or Congo eels (Family Amphiumidae)

    Two-toed amphiuma One-toed amphiuma Three-toed amphiuma

    Pacific Giant Salamanders (Family Dicamptodontidae)

    Coastal giant salamander Cope’s giant salamander Idaho giant salamander
    California giant salamander

    Lungless salamanders (Family Plethodontidae)

    Alberch’s salamander Alvarado’s salamander Peter’s climbing salamander
    Brame’s climbing salamander Nauta salamander Two-lined climbing salamander
    Coal-black salamander Cataguana salamander Carabobo climbing salamander
    Orphan salamander Celaque climbing salamander Cloud forest salamander
    Chinanteca salamander Cerro Pando salamander Hotel Zaracay salamander
    Millville Climbing salamander La Loma salamander Conant’s salamander
    Camp Sasardi salamander El Cope giant salamander Monte Escondido salamander
    Rio Santa Rosa salamander Dunn’s climbing salamander Quebrada Valverde salamander
    Oak forest salamander Tapanti climbing salamander Yellow-legged climbing salamander
    Doflein’s salamander El Cusuco salamander Franklin’s climbing salamander
    Ecuadorian climbing salamander Guaramacal salamander Engelhardt’s climbing salamander
    Yellow-belly climbing salamander Gómez’s web-footed salamander Hartweg’s climbing salamander
    Coban climbing salamander Winter climbing salamander Rio Quiri salamander
    Paramo Frontino salamander Camron climbing salamander Guerreran climbing salamander
    Lozano’s salamander Holy-Mountain salamander Jackson’s climbing salamander
    Lincoln’s climbing salamander Magnificent web-footed salamander Longest climbing salamander
    Finca Chibigui salamander Oaxacan climbing salamander Crater salamander
    Mombacho salamander Mexican climbing salamander Cope’s climbing salamander


    Habitat: Where Do Salamanders Live

    Some salamanders spend part of their adult life in water, while others are completely terrestrials as adults, though all of them need water to lay eggs and reproduce. Most species prefer cold, moist environments, living near rivers, lakes, ponds, or around marshes so they can have quick access to water.

    They are often most active during the night as the heat and light during daytime can dehydrate them quickly, especially the land dwelling salamanders.

    Do Salamanders Hibernate

    Since all amphibians are cold-blooded, terrestrial salamanders do need to hibernate in burrows or under leaf debris during winter to keep themselves from freezing. Aquatic species may remain active underwater, as the temperature is always higher in deep waters. Some have been spotted to stay active in the depths of lakes and ponds even after their surface is frozen over.

    Diet: What Do Salamanders Eat

    These carnivorous animals feed on anything they can catch, from insects like beetles, and crickets, spiders, worms, maggots, and flies to snails and other mollusks. Larger species may even eat small frogs, and other smaller salamanders. The diet of salamander larvae include small tadpoles, water insects and other aquatic invertebrates.

    Some populations may display cannibalistic habits as well, specifically during their larval phase, when they can feed on smaller larvae of the same species.

    Salamanders have small sharp teeth on both their upper and lower jaws that help them snatch and kill their prey. Even their larva has tiny conical teeth. Adults make use of their sticky tongue to capture insects.

    Reproduction and Life Cycle

    Mating can take place either in water or on land, and fertilization of the eggs is generally internal, but may be external in some species. After mating, the females lay small to large batches of tiny eggs in a concealed site in a quiet waterbody, like under a rock, or on the lower surfaces of water plants. The parents, usually the female, protect the eggs till they hatch.

    Like in all other amphibians, the larval development occurs entirely in water, with the larvae breathing through gills till they complete their metamorphosis, when they lose the gills, and grow legs to move to land. Though some salamanders, like the axolotl, retain their gills and remain aquatic even when they become adults.

    Lifespan: How Long Do They Live

    Their lifespan varies from just a few years to 20-30 years, depending on their species, population, and size. Chinese giant salamander, the longest living member of this order, has an average lifespan of 50-60 years.

    Predators and Threats

    Medium to large fish, frogs, larger salamanders, snakes, turtles, birds of prey, rodents, and larger mammals are all known to prey on the small to medium species. Giant salamanders do not have many enemies in the wild, as they are often the apex predators in their food chain.

    Apart from habitat loss and capture for the pet trade, additional threats like harvesting for food, and extensive use in scientific experiments are pushing many species, like the axolotl, on the brink of extinction.

    Can Salamanders be Dangerous to Humans

    Salamanders are generally not harmful for humans, as they tend to run away in case of a confrontation. However, being aggressive hunters by nature, they may bite when cornered, like the arboreal salamander. They have special poison secreting glands that release a kind of toxin when handled, which can cause skin irritation. Still, there is no serious threat unless you actually swallow a salamander, which may be poisonous.

    The toxic skin secretion, while not seriously harmful in most cases, can cause vomiting in dogs if ingested.

    Interesting Facts

    • Salamanders have smooth, moist skin with no scales, which is an easy way of identifying them, and distinguishing from lizards whose bodies are always covered in scales.
    • These amphibians are believed to be able to withstand extreme colds, with some species like the Siberian salamander, being able to remain frozen for years and then become active again upon thawing.
    • One Chinese giant salamander found in a cave in China was claimed to be over 200 years old, making it the longest-living specimen of this order. However, this fact needs further verification to make it reliable.
    • As a defense mechanism, some salamanders can flex their muscles in a way that their spiny ribs protrude out the sides of their body and into the flesh of any animal trying to catch it.


    Southern Two-lined Salamander
    Jollyville Plateau Salamander
    Tennessee Cave Salamander
    Cheat Mountain Salamander
    Northern Two-lined Salamander
    Jemez Mountain Salamander
    Red Hills Salamander
    Barton Springs Salamander
    Seal Salamander
    Austin Blind Salamander
    Northern Dusky Salamander
    Many-lined Salamander
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